The Effects Of Depression On Pregnancy And The Postpartum...

Depression is more common in women than in men across all age groups and cultural backgrounds with a female to male ratio of 1.68 (Kessler et al. 1993). Women are at their greatest risk of suffering from depression during the childbearing years. Currently, up to 20% of the pregnant women population are prescribed an antidepressant during pregnancy (Pawluski JL), and others may become pregnant while on one. According to Mourilhe and Stokes (1998), only one in 20 depressed patients are diagnosed and adequately treated. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medications are the most common antidepressant treatment used during pregnancy and the postpartum period (Pawluski JL). It is important to treat depression in an expecting mother as studies show a negative effect of depression on pregnancy outcomes (Steer et al. 1992), maternal infant bonding (Condon and Corkindale 1997), cognitive development in children (Cogill et al. 1986), and subsequent recurrences of depression, resulti ng in problems for the child (Philipps and O’Hara, 1991). Because of the potential for maternal depression in pregnancy to cause negative impacts on both the mother and offspring, treatment (for the depression?) is highly recommended (Morrison, Riggs, Rurak 2005). As such, fluoxetine is a frequently prescribed SSRI to pregnant women [need?] as it increases serotonin neurotransmission and has fewer side effects compared to other antidepressants (Morrison JL1, Riggs KW, Rurak DW). [However,Show MoreRelatedPostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatments Essay1101 Words   |  5 PagesDepression Postpartum in United States According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, depression is â€Å"a psychoneurotic or psychotic disorder marked especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty in thinking and concentration, a significant increase or decrease in appetite and time spent sleeping, feelings of dejection and hopelessness, and sometimes suicidal tendencies.† According to the definition of the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), postpartum depressionRead MoreDepression And Postpartum Depression1720 Words   |  7 Pagesare all symptoms of postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a severe mental disorder that some time will occur after giving birth or after being pregnant. According to research postpartum depression usually will occur within a year after giving birth. According to the Centers for Disease Control, 11 to 20% of women who give birth each year have postpartum depression symptoms. ). Although researchers have not been able to determine one main cause of postpartum depression, they have been ableRead MorePrenatal Levels Of Cortisol And Placental Corticotropin Releasing Hormone1330 Words   |  6 Pages During pregnancy, the positive feedback loop that plays a part in regulating products of the HPA axis is altered. Prenatal levels of cortisol and placental corticotropin-releasing hormone (pCRH) have been shown to be elevated during pregnancy. Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone is considered a â€Å"placental clock† that changes the development of the onset of parturition (Glynn, Davis Sandman, 2013). According to Glynn et al., these elevations have been linked to changes in the sensitivity ofRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatment1700 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Postpartum Depression Leads to Psychosis According to authors Susan Dowd Stone and Alexis E. Menken postpartum depression can start during pregnancy which is called perinatal disorder (2008). During pregnancy, women can suffer through mood disorders which are a leading cause of postpartum depression. Women who are screened and diagnosed for depression are most likely to have postpartum depression. Doctors know to keep a close watch on these women who are found positive for depression. AfterRead MoreDepression And Anxiety786 Words   |  4 PagesSymptoms of depression and anxiety are common during pregnancy and greatly effect a women’s health behaviors. The impact of women’s mental health on alcohol use is very significant to examine as prenatal alcohol use, which is common and can have serious negative consequences for the evolving fetus. Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety can increase risk for binge drinking during pregnancy. Alcohol use during pregnancy may be associated with extremely detrime ntal effects for the developing fetusRead MoreThe Concept Of Coping : Postpartum Depression And Anxiety Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pages individual perception, and behavior (Giddens, 2013). The two exemplars that will be addressed in the following sections are postpartum depression and anxiety. Postpartum Depression Postpartum depression (PPD) can be described as a period of depression that begins following childbirth lasting more than two weeks (Camp, 2013). Up to 15% of women suffer from depression during the first three months after delivery and the cause of PPD remains unknown (Camp, 2013). Research has shown that PPD mayRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Postpartum Depression1430 Words   |  6 Pages(Piotrowski Benson, 2015). These are mild symptoms of depression and usually go away after two weeks. However, the symptoms of unspecified depressive disorder with peripartum onset also known as postpartum depression (PPD) can be more intense and last significantly longer. According to the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2013), postpartum depression occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery. Postpartum depression has symptoms that cause clinically significant distressRead MorePostpartum Depression : Symptoms And Treatments1518 Words   |  7 Pages2015). Th ese are mild symptoms of depression and usually go away within two weeks after giving birth. However, the symptoms of unspecified depressive disorder with peripartum onset also known as postpartum depression (PPD) can be more intense and last significantly longer than the â€Å"baby blues.† According to the DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2013), postpartum depression occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery. Postpartum depression has symptoms that cause clinicallyRead Moreâ€Å"Postpartum Depression Affects 10% To 20% Of Women After1612 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Postpartum depression affects 10% to 20% of women after delivery, regardless of maternal age, race, parity, socioeconomic status, or level of education†.( Consise) Postpartum depression is a major depression episode that occurs after childbirth affecting not only the mother but also the child and family members. After the delivery of the placenta extending for about six weeks this is considered as as the postpartum period. This a critical period for the mother and new born physiological andRead MoreDepressed Parents : A Child s Bad Behavior1631 Words   |  7 PagesReitz, Samantha AP Capstone Period 9 3-25-15 Depressed Parents Lead to Depressed Kids The finger is often pointed at the parents as an excuse for a child’s bad behavior, however this may be with good reason since parents have a huge affect on their child’s psychological development, leading to the way they act, good or bad. Raising a child to behave is not an easy task and this becomes considerably more difficult for parents suffering from some form of postpartum depression, parents who suffer from

Post-French Revolution Theories of Government Essay

After the French Revolution, the nation of France wanted to take on a different type of governing. There were those who wanted to go back to the feudal system that was in place before and those who wanted a limited monarchy with a constitution. Edmund Burke and Emmanuel Siey#233;s were writers who had strong opinions on the both sides of the scale. Siey#233;s believed in the Third Estate, and believed that they could run a better nation, where as Burke said that the nobility or the Second Estate was the only people that could do that job. But as we can see Siey#233;s view was the one that thrived in the end. Siey#233;s believed that the nobility was rewarded for little to no work, and he was right. As he said, In setting aside†¦show more content†¦So he suggests opening up the governing roles to the third estate. But Burke disagrees, and says that only the nobility should rule because we cant do with out nobility and heredity. He says that it is, ... given to birth, is neither unnatural, nor unjust, nor impolitic. The nobility should govern because the born to do it, and that isnt wrong; its their right. Siey#233;s later in his essay talks about the Third Estate being an essential part of the nation. He argues that the Third Estate as a whole can survive and run the country without any of the other estates, but the First and Second Estates cant survive without the Third. Then says, Therefore, what is the Third Estate? Everything... and then says, ... everything would be infinitely better without the others. He makes the point that the third estate is everything and that France would be better of if it was just the Third Estate, because they are the workers. They are the majority and have the power to run a nation, where as the Second and First Estate are so small and dont work as much as the Third Estate so they wouldnt be able to run a country successfully on their own. Another argument that Siey#233;s brings up is that the nobility is estranged from the nation, and cant govern the country because they dont understand the Third Estate. He also does agree with Burke when he says that parts of the Third Estate are unfit to govern, but then says thatShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1184 Words   |  5 PagesA revolution is not an event that comes around every few years. In fact, for an event to be considered a revolution that event must bring about significant political, social, ideological, religious or even technological change. Throughout history there have been some very noteworthy revolutions such as the Agricultural Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution. Of all the revolutions in history, it is perhaps the French Revolution that remains the most romanticized in the mindsRead MoreTo What Extent Was The Enlightenment The Main Driving Force Behind The American And French Revolutions?1479 Wor ds   |  6 Pagesfocuses on the causes of Atlantic Revolutions and will explore the question: To what extent was the Enlightenment the main driving force behind the American and French Revolutions? The years 1685 to 1815 (Strayer, 2011) will be the focus of this investigation to allow for an analysis of the Enlightenment ideas’ impact the need for governmental change in the American colonies and France during the eighteenth century, as well as their governmental influences post-revolutions. †¯ The first source whichRead MoreAge of Revolutions Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pages) What do you think was the most important outcome of the Age of Revolutions? There have been several vital products of the Age of Revolutions but most importantly was the introduction of post-colonial attitudes with the need of self-governess away from empires overseas. This was achieved through the democracy and constitutions which still are the most important legacy existing in the modern world. It this outcome that societies were able to create influential pieces of works and change how societiesRead MoreThe Enlightenment Paradigm Shift Within The Era1628 Words   |  7 Pagessearch for knowledge. This modern age of reason, diversity and doubt, was one of the biggest paradigm shifts for both the Church and the human race. There was critical analysis of the Bible and further discussions of both scientific and philosophical theories. The ages after the Enlightenment were certainly affected, so much so that, to a significant extent, the paradigm shift within the Enlightenment era still influences our thinking today with both societal and intellectual rele vance. To understandRead MoreRevolutions Of The French Revolution1139 Words   |  5 PagesRevolutions are often characterized under two dominant schools of thought, either the structural or the cultural viewpoint. The structural approach favors causes that are of inherent forces in the system of sovereign nations, whilst the cultural view favors individuals actions and ideas as rudimentary to revolution. Skocpol and Trimberger’s essay Revolutions: A Structural Analysis modernizes the ideas of Karl Marx and reconciles them with the modern revolutions that have occurred to form a new viewpoint;Read MoreThe French Revolution Occurred During The Time Periods1414 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution occurred during the time periods 1787 to 1799 which shook France. Its climax reached in 1789 when the ancien regime ended in France. The French Revolution was the most violent and by far the most universally significant revolution compared to the rest. The initial cause of the revolut ion was the social structure of the West. One social structure that was based on the holding of all land by fees that resulted in the relation of the king to vassal was called the feudal systemRead MoreEssay on Nationalism and Liberalism 1368 Words   |  6 PagesPeople’s Spring†, the Revolutions of 1848 marked a time of political and social turmoil widespread across the European continent. It is during this time we see monarchies overthrown, the formation of new countries, and â€Å"radical ideologies† such as Nationalism, and Liberalism become the beliefs of the middle-class. The populations of European countries were growing at a rate never seen before. The masses started becoming agitated with the current monarchial system of government ruling across EuropeRead MoreKarl Marx And Friedrich Engels974 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinction between the working class, or the Proletariat and the upper class, or the Bourgeoisie was becoming increasingly clear with th e industrial revolution noted as the inciting event of the two new clashing classes. The CM was distributed among the German, communist league and served as the parties platform explaining the main components of the economic theory. The main idea of the CM was that history consisted of a clash between two factions, the elite ruling class and the meek peasantry. Marx evenRead MoreThe Theory Of The Scientific Revolution1255 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Scientific Revolution, â€Å"there occurred a shift in humans thinking from the medieval emphasis on God s eternal unchanging world, which governed people, the universe, and nature, to an approach that defined knowledge and understanding as derived from the immutable laws of nature independent of received truth.† Scientists changed the way people think about the world. The gears of the revolution began to turn when Copernicus questioned the geocentric theory, developing his theory of heliocentrismRead More Social Psychology Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pageson-going debates over psychology as a science or not. An important contribution that has made a great impact on the modern social psychology was from William McDougall. McDougall proposed for an evolutionary psychology, which was influenced by Darwin’s theory. Especially with the dominant fields of sociology and anthropology, McDougall was able to link science, sociology and psychology (McDougall, 1919). However, McDougall’s research in social evolution was also interpreted as radical due to the racism

North Korea and South Korea Free Essays

In North Korea, a dictator rules the county and currently their dictator is Kim Jung l_JNI. Also, North Koreans government is very strict about people from other countries traveling to North Korea. Tourists are only allowed to enter the country if there is a guided tour and independent traveling to North Korea is not allowed. We will write a custom essay sample on North Korea and South Korea or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, South Korea, is a republic with a president. As of now, their president, who is the first female president elected, is park Gun Hey. Their country has elections for a new president every five years. Additionally, anyone and everyone can travel to South Korea whenever they want. Every country or state has different cultures and lifestyles. In North Korea, art is didactic and they create many beautiful artworks. Calligraphy, music, painting and pottery are all various types of art that is produced in North Korea. Their paintings are usually drawings of events that have happened in the past or drawings of nature such as flowers. North Koreans play many games, especially races and they like to participate in a lot of active activities. In addition, their diet does not contain spicy foods such as chime. In South Korea, art and music is very well known. Buddhism was a great inspiration towards South Korean art and outstanding architecture and artworks are found in Buddhist temples and paintings. Music is very popular in South Korea and one type of genre is Kop. Kop is short for Korean pop and is known all over the world. Just like North Korea, South Korea loves to play games and their traditional board game is bad. Also, South Koreans diet is the total opposite of North Koreans diet. In South Korea, spicy foods are very common and the national dish is chime. Lastly, both North and South Korea have a traditional dress called handbook that is mainly worn on New Years. Education is an essential need in everyone’s lives. In North Korea, people are mainly interested in the subjects technology and science. Also, in the early 1 sys the education system was divided into one year Of kindergarten, four years of primary school for ages six to nine, and six years of senior middle school for ages ten to fifteen. The most important institution is Kim – sung University. South Koreans academic environment is very competitive. Nearly all the nation’s top schools are located in Seoul, South Korea. Primary schools consists of grades one to six and secondary schools consists of seventh to twelfth. The most popular university in South Korea is Seoul National University. The two countries that were known as one are now split into two and has tons of differences and similarities. They compare and contrast in government, culture, and education. Imagining what life would have been like back if North and South Korea were one is difficult due to the disparity in the people’s lives and in the country. How to cite North Korea and South Korea, Papers

Providing Safety Measures within Schools free essay sample

School violence is not just a recent tragedy. In fact, the earliest known United States (U. S. ) school shooting called â€Å"Pontiac’s Rebellion School Massacre† took place on July 26, 1764 in Pennsylvania (Wikipedia). These ill-fated events are products of many different factors such as bullying, revenge, and even mental issues. Unfortunately, school violence has become a more prevalent occurrence in society today. However, because of the unknown and rather unexpected motives of the perpetrators, an end to school violence cannot, in all actuality, happen. Certainly, there are procedures available to prevent occurring violence. Through the use of increased screening and safety measures, school violence can be greatly diminished, improve the quality of the nation’s education, and restore faith in administrators. School violence has plagued many areas of not only the U. S. , but also other parts of the world. However, a number of the worst attacks have occurred right here in the U. S. , Columbine High School, for example. April 20, 1999 marked the date of fifteen deaths at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado. Two teenage shooters took the lives of fourteen students and one teacher (Listverse). This school tragedy led to an increased emphasis on security at schools across the U. S. (SFGate). The April 16, 2007 shooting at Virginia Tech claimed the lives of thirty-three victims and was named the deadliest shooting by a single gunman in U. S. history. Bath School in Michigan fell victim to forty-five deaths and was given the title of the deadliest mass school murder in U. S. history (Listverse). In recent history, Connecticut unfortunately experienced a shooting of its own at Sandy Hook Elementary where twenty-eight young children and adults were victim to a deranged gunman on December 14, 2012 (The Inquisitr). But certainly, we cannot forget the February 27, 2012 shooting at Chardon High School that rocked Ohio (SFGate). More and more schools around the nation are stepping up school safety measures to ensure the security of students. Undoubtedly, the most commonly selected safety measure is limited or controlled access to the school in such ways as to lock and monitor school doors. Metal detectors, security cameras, and limited social networking access are more commonly being used to monitor and restrict student and visitor behaviors (U. S. Department of Education). Monitoring and supervising common areas such as the cafeteria, gym, hallways, and parking lot is a significant safety measure usually practiced by schools (NASPonline). School resource officers, guards, and unarmed law enforcement officers may not always need to be present, but should always be available. Staff members should monitor all guests by greeting each and every person who comes to the door. Counselors and psychologists should always be available to students so that they know they have someone to trust and be able to anonymously report suspicious activity (Gumbrecht; NASPonline). Crisis plans and preparedness training should be accessible for all staff members along with threat assessment procedures. The promotion of obedience of school rules and a safe school environment should be present at all times for the safety of the students (NASPonline). Schools should conduct regular drills such as intruder, weather, and fire for student awareness (Gumbrecht). A responsible and safe school always includes school-community partnerships and school safety incident data to keep the public informed about new procedures (NASPonline). There are a number of structural prevention suggestions available. The most frequently used structural methods are locked doors and security systems. However, more advanced structural preventions exist: single, prominent entryways for guests and students to enter; reduced landscaping to eliminate hiding spots; shifted restrooms away from entryways; moved major mechanical and electrical systems; keyless entry systems for staff and faculty; and elaborate announcement systems for drills and instructions (Gumbrecht). Panic buttons are available for $5,000 and operate on single police dispatch lines that send all available units to the school in case of an emergency. The buttons can be located in each individual classroom or in different regions of the schools. These structural suggestions come at a price but are well worth the investments (Scott). Because of the seemingly reoccurring school violence trend, many school districts have contemplated active shooter training and arming teachers. Even though this might seem like a good idea, there may very well be negative consequences. Instead, most school administrators opt for the more common school entry policies and emergency manuals for all staff. Newer safety ideas are being introduced into school districts such as Mohawk, Ellwood, and Shenango in Pennsylvania. These districts installed computerized systems that scan the driver’s licenses of all visitors to identify anyone convicted of crimes against children (New Castle News). Administrators have many accessible guidelines for communicating with students, their parents, and the public. Conversations with students should be developmentally appropriate and include guidelines for violence. Administrators should keep in mind the cultures, traditions, religion, and family values of students and keep the focus on normal routines and activities. Parents should be made aware of all violence conversations with students. The children must know that schools are safe places and there is a difference between reporting and tattling, they must be observant and report what they see. Students must also realize that every so often, people commit wrong acts, but violence is never a solution. Open communication between parents and their children is key; the students should know to stay away from weapons. Also, the school staff must stress the understanding of possibility versus probability; students should always know that they are safe in school. These guidelines are important for administrators to convey to their student body and public (NASPonline). Without a doubt, school violence has made national headlines. In December, the NRA announced the National School Shield Program. They have issued â€Å"a report on how they believe schools can prevent further gun violence† (Gumbrecht). The NRA will present policy proposals and resources to law enforcement, lawmakers, school officials, and the public. Because there is declining support for strict gun regulations, law enforcement officials will prepare armed guards that state and local officials will alter (Sperry and Wallace). A higher percent of high schools and middle schools require drug testing for athletes and extracurricular activities; badges and picture identifications for students and teachers; random dog sniffs and contraband sweeps; and security cameras for monitoring the school building and surrounding premises. 84 percent of high schools, 73 percent of middle schools, and 51 percent of elementary schools use security cameras for surveillance. A higher percent of high schools and middle schools have electronic emergency notification systems and structured, anonymous threat reporting systems. A lower percent of high schools control access to buildings during school hours, prohibit cell phone usage and text messaging, and require uniforms (U. S. Department of Education). Unfortunately, school violence is on the rise. Children should not have to be afraid to go to school in fear of experiencing a fateful attack. By no means can there ever be assumptions made that attacks cannot happen just anywhere; no area is completely immune to violence. The public cannot be naive. As much as the thought of an attack is hard to comprehend, the possibility must always be in the back of the mind. There are countless ways to be prepared; school administrators just need to take action. Through the use of increased screening and safety measures, school violence can be greatly diminished, improve the quality of the nation’s education, and restore faith in administrators

Assisted suicide for terminally ill pat Essays

Assisted suicide for terminally ill pat Essays Assisted suicide for terminally ill pat Essay Assisted suicide for terminally ill pat Essay Being able to choose when to die Is a human right. This exact point is presented In the article Perhaps Ill say goodbye on Twitter. According to Tony Nicholson, who Is a 58 year old, patient who has been able to move only his eyelids since suffering a stroke In 2005, It Is the most fundamental human right. He told the Journalist and former nurse Nina Alaskan, that: he was simply seeking the same right to die that able-bodied people were able to exercise independently. However, if he is provided his right, it would be a change of law as Alison Pearson claims, in the article Do any of us, however ill, have the right to die? She believes in the exact opposite. She is oppose assisted suicide, and her article is kind of a response to the argumentations of Tony Nicholson. She starts out her article by explaining how only a complete idiot would put cancer on their top of their whists: Other than that you would have to be seriously warped, mad even, to choose a brutal, life-threatening illness. Yet Tony Nicholson says he wants to get cancer. Cancer Is Tonys best hope. If Tony cannot be offered the opportunity to commit assisted seclude, he would rather die by the hand of cancer, because Tony Anklebones only desire Is to leave this world of suffering. Alison Pearson Is contradicting Tony Nicholson by saying that It is wrong to give doctors the right to kill patients, and on the other hand, she devises other alternatives to die. For example she brings up the fact, tattoo could just refuse medical treatment, as it is legal, and she further explains that: l certainly plan to have one of those handy when Im old and at the mercy of our marvelous care yester, explaining that she might use this method herself without having to change the law. 2. In the article l would help a relative on the final Journey, Vicki Woods has a powerful way to express her views on assisted suicide, by using her own personal experiences. By appealing to our sense, she provides a logos-marked argumentation. Her mall view on assisted suicide Is Id help my blood family to assisted seclude rather than cart them off to Dignities via Asset and a bus trip. She supports her view by another argumentation, where she substantiate her main argumentation by eying We need a better form of assisted suicide than hauling very sick people off to Switzerland. A very meaningful argumentation, in which she describes how it is wrong to force very sick people that will suffer more to travel to Switzerland, than staying home and letting the nature take its course. However, she is only willing to help a member of her own family, as she claims that she cannot carry the responsibility for a friend, as it can get her in conflict with the patients own family. It is not her right to choose whether the family need a member less or not. By using her win experiences, she does not only appeal to our sense, but also to our feelings. Our feelings are our major weaknesses, and Black Woods Is fully aware of that, as she tries to reach everyone, by saying l wasnt shocked that thoughts of assisted seclude had floated into her mind, while referring to her close friend. And further she says, Because It moats Into my mina every time tenures another enraptured landmark legal battle trumpeting through the newspaper. She gives us a bigger perspective, so that we can relate to what she has to say, by referring to a whole country. We can identify tit her experiences as we all have heard at least once about people suffering from diseases. Her experience gives her a further knowledge about this issue, which provides her the opportunity to use ethos as a method to appeal to our respect for her. . As it is presented in the article Do any of us, however ill, have the right to die? , by Allison Pearson, there is no terms of illness that provide the right to die. None of us would want to be shut up in the prison of ourselves with only a blinking eyelid to communicate with the world, Alison Pearson expresses. However, she still claims, hat it is wrong to change the law of the land, because of one persons desire. I agree with her, in every argumentation she expresses, because she has a way to convince people, that what Tony Nicholson desire is a change of law, and a complete change of nature. A change that will give doctors the right to kill a profoundly disable person, and call it mercy not murder, as Alison Pearson states it so precisely. In such terms, it should be absolutely in emergency situations, that a terminally ill patient can seek assisted suicide, thought I am not saying it should be legal in Britain. All I m trying to say, is that it is okay, in such cases, to fly to Switzerland to fulfill your desire, because a change of law would provide everyone, no matter terms of illness to seek assisted suicide. However, it is a personal right when you choose to die, but in some cases, it is a very dangerous right, because some patients are not able to decide at all. In these situations, it is the familys Job to decide, whether the patient is ill enough to accomplish this opportunity or not. This responsibility can be used in a malicious way, as the family can abuse this right to their own utility, like inheritance.

Lab Report Acid Base Titration Essays

Lab Report Acid Base Titration Essays Lab Report Acid Base Titration Paper Lab Report Acid Base Titration Paper This allows for quantitative analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. It makes use of the naturalization reaction that occurs between acids and bases and the knowledge of how acids and bases will react if their formulas are known. Acid-base titration can also be used to find percent purity of chemicals. When a weak acid reacts with a weak base, the equivalence point solution will be basic if the base is stronger and acidic if the acid is stronger. If both are of equal strength, then the equivalence pH will be neutral. However, weak acids are not often titrated against weak bases because he color change shown with the indicator is often quick, and therefore very difficult for the observer to see the change of color. The point at which the indicator changes color is called the end point. A suitable indicator should be chosen, preferably one that will experience a change in color (an end point) close to the equivalence point of the reaction. First, the burette should be rinsed with the standard solution, the pipette with the unknown solution, and the conical flask with distilled water. Secondly, a known volume of the unknown concentration solution should be taken with the pipette and placed into the Monica flask, along with a small amount of the indicator chosen. The known solution should then be allowed out of the burette, into the conical flask. At this stage we want a rough estimate of the amount of this solution it took to neutralize the unknown solution. The solution should be let out of the burette until the indicator changes color and the value on the burette should be recorded. This is the first (or rough) titer and should be discussed from any calculations. At least three more titration should be performed, this time more accurately, taking into account roughly where the end point will occur. The initial ND final readings on the burette (prior to starting the titration and at the end point, respectively) should be recorded. Subtracting the initial volume from the final volume will yield the amount of iterant used to reach the endpoint. The end point is reached when the indicator just changes color permanently.

Challenges of gay people serving in the military Research Paper

Challenges of gay people serving in the military - Research Paper Example The USAF has worked over the years in alliance with many countries, building strategic partnership for acquiring and maintaining â€Å"access to foreign territories for operational purposes† (Moroney et al, 2010, p.xiii). The USAF has revised their Mission Statement during 2005 to conform to the needs of the time, and its present mission is to â€Å"fly, fight and win... in air, space and cyberspace† (Our Mission, 2012a). In order to achieve the objectives of their mission, the members of the Air Force uphold the vision of â€Å"Global Vigilance, Reach and Power,† which spans into the concept of â€Å"three core competencies: developing Airmen, technology to war fighting and integrating operations† (Our Mission, 2012a). USAF is an organization of high ethical values, and they function within the framework of three values that comprise the concepts of â€Å"Integrity First, Service before Self and Excellence in All We Do† (Our Values, 2012b). ... hip and members of this organization, while discharging their responsibilities, have to consider the interests of different stakeholders including the national government, the citizens, other friendly countries, and the overall interests of the international community in making this world a better place for humans to dwell on. Therefore, all personnel who serve the Air Force have to imbibe in them a high sense of integrity, moral, ethics, and other values that the organization upholds. Similarly, leadership, being the most crucial element in determining the right direction for organizations to achieve their goals, the role of leaders in upholding the tenets of USAF, becomes paramount. Thus, when the organization manifests even a slightest indication of any perceived deviation from its projected image in the public eye, the leadership will have to bear the brunt of criticism. Unfortunately, despite their elite status and the high degree of performance, leaders of the organization have come under the flakes of disapproval on allegations of discrimination against gays and lesbians. In this context, the sexual orientation of a person is his or her absolute right and no force on the Earth has any reason to question its validity. Similarly, there is no acceptable justification for discriminating people on the basis of their sexual preferences. Humans, in spite of their claims of being sophisticated, nurture certain notions, deriving from established norms, and categorize peculiar behaviors that do not fall into their definition of accepted way of life as taboos. Thus, they consider gay and lesbian individuals as deviant and outcast them from the mainstream society. When the society upholds the value of human rights to all, without any regard to the attributes of ethnicity,

Crtical thought Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crtical thought - Annotated Bibliography Example This article will be relevant to the debate question because it will illustrate the relevance of agriculture and land use in the environmental well-being of the human species. If man opts to stay away from eating meat, his next alternative is a plant-based diet, all of which stems from agriculture. Once it has been established that agriculture has severe consequences on the world’s well-being, then it may not be sustainable to advocate for a vegetarian diet. This report will thus render support to one side of the argument by showing how dietary choices have an effect on economic and land activities hence environmental outcomes in the long run. The author affirms that it is not necessary to eliminate meat from the diet. In fact, he even adds that meat has certain nutritional benefits that man can enjoy. However, they explain that the health problems emanating from meat are due to high saturated fat content rather than the actual meat. Therefore, they believe that if meat is trimmed, then it can be quite helpful to the body. Mann (2000) started with the hunter gatherer model in which he studied the plant and animal ration. It was found that there was a significantly high animal content in their diet but because the meat was mostly game, it had relatively low fat content. However, this gradually changed when animals became domesticated as the fats deposited increased. Gut morphology also supports an omnivorous diet in which the size of the colon, small intestine and caecum are all suitable for a combination of meat and plants. Therefore, most western diets are problematic because they have not stayed consistent to the evolut ionary aspect of man’s physiology This journal article will provide strong scientific evidence on the usefulness of meat in the human diet. Its reliance on evolutionary data by anthropological experts, nutritionists as

The Power of Many Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Power of Many - Coursework Example ntials, access to data and resources, personal acknowledgement, skill improvement, and a sense of involvement and effectiveness in resolving community issues. In comparison, individual efforts increase costs by raising the time necessary for organization, inadequate services and resources necessary for contribution, and primary burnout. By pinpointing the particular benefits and limitations to contribution to the engagement attempt, community leaders can install the proper incentives (C.S. Mott Foundation, 2010). Approaches that can effect progressive social change are nonviolence and traditional political affairs approaches. The nonviolent approach includes peaceful measures and courses of action that do not involve traditional politics. For instance, conventions, neighborhood watches, isolation, industrial action, sit-ins, fasts, and forming alternative political associations. A community member like a demonstrator can undertake peaceful approaches to not only organize a community but to prevent harm as well. For example, a peaceful approach of demonstrating can prevent loggers from cutting down trees. The other approach, traditional politics, is the ordinary method of community organization that I deem practical and relevant to me. Politics exploits the collective power of community organization (Akoto-Abutiate, 2014, p.

The Impact On Marks And Spencer Key Stakeholders Accounting Essay

The Impact On Marks And Spencer Key Stakeholders Accounting Essay Corporate governance means that the companies which are administrated, controlled and directed. It performs how to set and achieve the objectives of the company, how to measured and monitored the risk and how to get the optimized performance. It creates new values to the companies through innovation and gives the control and responsibility appropriate with the risks concerned. It is a main factor to improve the organizational performance and sustainability. Corporate governance reforms should be viewed as an opportunity to improve internal compliance and communications systems which will, in turn, improve the potential profit-making ability of the company and its competitive status in an ever-increasing global market place. The most successful governance-improvements are therefore not undertaken sorely in response to dictates from regulators or pressure from investors. They are undertaken to improve the system of corporate governance within the corporation the system of accountability with all its checks and balances between management, shareholder and the board in the pursuit of yielding greater shareholder-value. The major players in the area of corporate governance can be classified into two groups: 1. External, and 2. Internal. Externally, the pace of corporate governance is set by the Government, investors, financial institutions and customers. Government as the regulator sets the legal, financial and business framework which defines the scope and extent of corporate governance. Internally, corporate boards, the shareholders and employees within the corporation decide how companies are directed and controlled. Corporate governance is a broad and somewhat vague terms which is used to refer to a range of corporate controls and accountability mechanisms designed to meet the aims of all the stakeholders. It is the process of direction, supervision and accountability of corporations. It concerns the theories and practices of the board of directors and its relationships with the shareholders of the company. Corporate governance relates to laws, procedures, practices and implicit rules that deter mine a companys ability to take improved managerial decisions. Entrenching sustainable development within corporate governance have need of companies to recognise and identify with their social impact and environmental and responsibilities and to act accordingly. The process requires using the fact and experience of the management and others in the concern to determine every task related to issues, liabilities, and performance. Launching integrate sustainability corporate governance should sketch the financial with social accounting and reporting through the audit to know the complete scope of the companies of activities. The course of sustainability and corporate governance meets with the new demands and tasks. It holds balance between social and economical goals and between joint and individual goals. The framework of the corporate governance is to utilize the resources. The success of the sustainability depends on to get the right issues and the right voices. It portrays to understand the social and environmental goals. here in this research we are going to assess the corporate governance of Marks and Spencer and the impact on key stakeholders. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To examine the quality of the corporate governance and the impact on marks and Spencer key stakeholders. 1.3 SPECIFIC RESEARCH QUESTIONS what is the core objectives of the company in the present scenario ? how the organization tackles sustainability with the governance? what are the roles played internally? 1.4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE A literature review is a text that intends to review the critical points of present acquaintance on a topic. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as a justification for a the future research in the area. A good literature review is charecterised by: a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style: proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic. It helps with all types of assignments as well. The Impact of corporate Governance on auditor independence: A study of audit committees in uk listed companies by Ismail Adelopo in 2010 this research speaks about the changing roles of the audit committees these have to be recognised and incorporated in the regulatory framework for corporate governance in organisations. A case study analysis report of Marks and Spencer plc by Emma Bunce gives us idea about the problems in Marks and Spencer. Best environment practices of Marks and Spencer : A Case Study by Dr. Leigh Sparks gives us wider knowledge about the execution plans carried out in making the goals. Mainstreaming the Corporate Social Responsibility Agenda: A change model grounded in theory and practice Francois Maon and Valerie Swaen gives us idea about corporate social responsibility. 1.5 PROFILE OF THE COMPANY UKs leading retail shop is Marks and Spencer. It provides home products, food, clothing and financial services. People shopping nearly 1.3 million in everyday in above 375 MS stores in the UK and also it manages 28 territories. The company runs with two units such as general merchandise and food. The general merchandise unit classified into menswear, lingerie, home, womens clothing and beauty. These units contributes the vision through value, quality, trust and innovative service. These units develops their own CSR strategy based on brand value. Strategies identified from a mixture of customer research, stakeholders, government, non-government organisations etc. and action plan developed by the stakeholders expectations and pressures. The issues tackled in the strategies are grouped into three areas such as people, products and community. The CSR strategic approach builds good relationships between the employees and the suppliers. It is focusing to enhance and maintain trust. It launches some initiatives on the environment, employability and on health. MS has taken action to improve its impact on society by means of Ready for Work  [1]  . Philosophy of MS is helping others to help themselves. Promoting the highest standards of corporate governance with the help of group secretary and to build sustainable business. Leading the board meeting and have Agenda covers risks, strategies and performance of the business. Ensuring right things in a right time. Facil itating on business risk and strategy. 1.6 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Most of the materials in this research are taken from secondary resources such as Journals, Books, Annual reports and the Internet, Information through Public Report, Bulleting and other Printed Resources supplied by the Company. No primary sources has been used in this research. Secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through statistical process. 1.7 DATA ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STATEMENT OF THE MARKS AND SPENCER The core objective of the board is to build a sustainable achievement of the business by the means of profitable development and consistent. UK corporate governance code 2010 provides the principles of the UK companies enlisted in the London Stock Exchanges. Diversity of the boards policy includes measurable objectives to implement the policy and to achieve the progress will be reported. MS complied with all provisions of the compliance code with exception in the year ended 31st March, 2012. The board not meet during the short period so it proves that corporate governance not impacted. THE ROLE OF THE BOARD Each and every company must be have an efficient and effective board is responsible for the victory of the company. The governance framework adopts boards responsibilities in the following: providing guidance of the company within the effective control and practical framework which gives risk assessment and management setting up planned aims and to ensure the required human and financial resources to focus its performance with the effective objectives ensuring the standards and values of the companies that to set up duties and responsibilities of the shareholders and others In the appointment of the directors, they are insisted to do and act to improve the development of the company and the benefits of their members. To satisfy this duty, they should regard the positive impacts of the decision making not in the short term, relationships between customers and suppliers, employees interests, the consequences of the environment, desire to sustain the high reputed standard of the business and to need good communication among the company members. The board requirements to logically estimate the environment and impact of the sustainability problems looks the company, as fine as where sustainability wants to be measured in next of kin to problems such as sequence forecasting and performance assessment. Boards are a vital part of governance composition and, at the same time as by way of other governance system, need to hold sustainable growth. There is requiring making sure that panel have the capability to guide with honesty and enjoy the right ability to build difficult resolution and handle danger. The influences of the wider stakeholders obviously need to survive integrated in the governance method. Employee council have partaken in boards used for a mass of years; perchance the most fighting fit identified cases are during Japan and Germany. But, evidently there is a necessitate to appear beyond member of staff council alone and charily select non-executive chief with sustainability proficiency in region such as the surroundings, health and security, consumer relatives or human property, as well as persons from non-business conditions who can carry valuable outlook into the meeting room. These talent and view can permit companies to estimate key strategic sustainability problems more systematically and watch their act more successfully. Non-executive directors want the exact mix together of proficiency, experience and special qualities to enable them to advise, monitor and challenge effectively. Organisations need to be optimistic to cast the network widely in looking for suc h persons and to build up a deeper considerate of what ability are mandatory. The board wants to realistically estimate the personality and importance of the sustainability problems facing the company, as well as where sustainability needs to be measured in relation to the current problems such as progression planning and performance estimatation. The Board consist of nine directors which includes the Chairman, Chief Executive, two executive directors and five non-executive directors who are measured to be of self-governing character and conclusion. This conform with the secret code as readily available is a balance of executive and non-executive directors permit for fair and decision-making. The Non-executive directors have provision concurrence with the company for an early three-year term after which they seek out re-election. The Group also has superior independent directors who offer a communication channel between the Chairman and Non-Executive directors. The Board meets ten times in every year and determines the on the whole group strategy; control its accounting, operating plans and remuneration policies etc. The Board have the committees are the Audit, Remuneration and Nomination Committees. Audit Committee: The Marks and Spencer audit committee includes four independent non-executive directors. At least one member of the committee has fresh and applicable financial experience in accordance with the combined code. It met four times in the year and it functions to present independent guarantee by supervise the honesty of financial statements to shareholders, make another study of effectiveness of internal control and threat management systems; and sustain an appropriate correlation with the companys outside auditors, Pricewaterhouse Coopers (PwC) committee also reassessed the self-government and neutrality of the outside auditors. Remuneration Committee: The Marks and Spencer payment committee covers four independent non-executive directors. It meets eight times in a year. Its position is to suggest to the board a suitable remuneration scheme and make certain that executive directors are remunerated for individual charity. The remuneration of Non-executive directors is resolute by the Chairman and Executive directors. Nomination Committee: MS has a official nomination committee prepared by the Chairman, Chief Executive and five non-executive directors who meet once a year and ensuring that suitable measures are in place for nomination, selection and evaluation of directors. They think about the balance of membership and necessary unify of skills, knowledge, and experience of the Board. Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): MS have changed its attempt in meeting socio environmental tasks. They take action to customers ask for to supply them with information on CSR performance by initiation the Look behind the label movement. This is extremely noticeable advertising and interactions movement planned tell consumers the span they go to certify that the whole lot they wholesale is produced reliably. They shaped the Plan A which is a five-year,  £200m eco-plan incorporated into its day-to-day action in which they prepared a 100 assurances across five areas. They aimed to become carbon unbiased, dispatch no squander to landfills, reduce wrapping by 25% and give confidence recycling, utilize sustainable raw materials, work strictly with home communities using the Marks and Start work understanding programme. This intention who facing employment challenges i.e. homeless and disabled persons  [2]  . The Group also bring in the just partner scheme to assist progress lives of people and local communities. They sustained Breakthrough Cancer Campaign serving to hoist up to  £6m; and also supported Prostate Cancer charity to raise  £90,000 in funds and responsiveness for the disease. Marks and Spencer integrated in the Dow Jones Sustainability and FTSE4 Good Indexes and status 20th with a attain of 95% in Business in the Community Corporate Responsibility (BiTC CR) index. Proficient stakeholder advice-giving panels can also assist bridge the opening between an organisations stakeholder commitment and its supremacy, by bringing professional together with senior panel. Companies are all the time more using connoisseur panels to warn how to respond to budding socio environmental problems in a way that is intentionally aligned to the organisations trade model. The reality of a committee in charge to the board permit specific problems to be walk around in more strength than is achievable at board stage, as critical responsibility remainder with the board as a totality. Everywhere this team exist it is critical that they are convincingly integrated into the usual governance composition. King II is the shortened name for the King details on Corporate Governance for South Africa published 2002. It pursues a 1994 report normally famous as King I. Corporation scheduled on South Africas JSE Securities Exchange having complied with King II. It is a position of doctrine. It achieves not determine a comprehensive course of accomplishment. It shapes that the board is accountable for the progression of threat management and that it be obliged to decide the companys desire and broad-mindedness for risk. The board should ensure that review of the development and result of key hazard is carried out yearly. And, significantly, hazard management information must be release annually. It is setting out the subsequent seven features of good corporate governance such as discipline, transparency, self-government, accountability, responsibility, fairness and social accountability. The board of MS brand guides the relationships of the stakeholders. Right thing in a right time with right way will attain the protected future. MS governance also focusing nook and corner of the business. Good governance produces good business and develops long-term performance. THE ROLE OF THE CHAIRMAN The Chairman is accountable in the headship of the board and to ensure effective role in all aspects. The Chairmans commitments are revealed to the board before getting the appointment. Members of the board helps to develop strategic proposals. The chairman motivating the directors to update their knowledge and skills. Meeting location, legal information and up to date governance and customers views reviewed by the shareholders. Chairman evaluates development needs and training in the annual general meeting. He collects information in the form of clear, accurate and timely with the gradual update of the business. Head of the corporate governance and the group secretary carried out accountability of the governance. Governance group comprises internal audit, the company files and documents, insurance, pensions and risks. Board of members reviewed board evaluation in the last year. the board establishes professional advice in the appropriate time to the committees. Promotion of governance has dealt by the group secretary. Governance activities in MS is dedicated to the best in practice. It governs benchmarking, effectiveness and performance for ensuring the future development. In every three years the board has been conducting external review and feedback from the new appointments. The board and its committees sets out the annual report. Collected information resulted in year 2012-13 which deals with core spots of people development and succession, regular commitment with shareholders, body representatives, disclosure and transparency, training, skill and knowledge of the directors, risk bearing, risk tolerance and framework of the board conversation and carry on analysis. The chairman revealed the individual performance and objectives. Remunerations reviewed by the remuneration committees. Ffion Hague has reviewed again the governance reliability in the year of 2011-12. All directors insisted to submit for re-election in the annual general meeting in 2012. Biographies of the directors has given in the annual report pages 40 and 41. The board must present companys prospects and position clearly. The board pertains the reliable approach in the public reports. In the annual report pages 72 and 73 presents what are the responsibilities of the all directors in the preparation of final accounts and auditors report. In order to explain the innovative values of the shareholder dealt in the annual report pages 2 to 37. Going concern statement of the directors has given in the page 72 in the annual report is based on the projections and forecasting cash flows. The board is accountable to shaping the important strategic objectives and its nature. The board must obtain sound internal control and risk management system. The primary role of the nomination committee is ensuring the suitable procedure are nomination, selection, training and evaluation. This committee analysis the Boards structure, diversity, size, succession needs and composition. There to keep required knowledge, skill and experience of the board. It formally meets five times a year. Each appointment considers time and diversity of new policy experiences. The Chairman takes the important role to improve and sustain the business with the great accountability. He ensures some of the parts of board with the non-executive act as critical friends to Chief Executive Marc Bolland and it supports the formulation and execution strategy; bringing perspectives with holding knowledge, independence and experience; seeking decisions and views of the management; acting responsibility to meet sure accountabilities to wider stakeholders and shareholders; and diversifying the recommendations with the right of experience, skills and background. The MS board have met ten times in the year of 2011-12. It has planned for meetings at least one and half years in advance in the financial year. The board of members determines on the whole creation or innovation, disposal or acquisition of corporate assets; how to protect and develop the brand; matters related to public desires and relating to statutory accounts; what are the important alterations in the policy which relates to account, capital, dividend and also determines indicators key performance, operating plans and policy remuneration structure. THE ROLE OF THE INVESTORS Searching the appropriateness of non-executive directors in perceptive the materiality of non-financial problems is critical. Institutional shareholder and fund executive have a liability to produce long-term assessment on behalf of their shareholders, the person investor, savers and pensioners for whom they are eventually working. They must insist that the concern they invest in lay adequate resource into initial governance system that distribute long term importance. Shareholders ought to take governance into financial credit as part of their task decision-making. Institutional shareholder and other investors need to know what questions they must be invite boards. For instance, does the panel have the acquaintance and competencies are essential to comprehend the sustainability inferences of the current market and board works reflect the direction of the prospect strategy? Inquiring the aptness of non-executive directors in accepting the materiality of non-financial problems is vital. Eventually investors call for to request if the board and human being are conveyed. Element of this is launch if governance get together international values. The case under indicates the feedback of shareholder as the retort. Marks Spencer flashed a angry reaction from large institutional shareholders in 2008 after declare that it was come together the responsibility of chairman and chief executive to maintain Sir Stuart Rose at the big business until 2011. Shareholders reacted robustly to the pronouncement and, though they have because been relieved to a certain degree, the thing highlights the aptitude of investors to manipulate and pressure the significance of governance to this society. The Co-operatives liable investment director at the time stated that The configuration obviously leave from preeminent practice. Not have of earlier consultation with shareholders. The leader of equities for lawful universal, one of the largest shareholders emphasised the significance of responsible governance: As set out in the Combined Code we believe strongly in the separation of the roles of chairman and chief executive, believing this allows a much needed balance in the boardroom and prevents the potentially damaging concentration of power. Other governance models The excellence of governance is significant not only for a single person business but also for combined initiatives, joint venture and economic systems. Collaborative proposal and a variety of types of business have seen by a lot of as a way to fruitfully address numerous sustainability challenges. On the other hand, these combined proposal and enterprise do not forever carry their objectives. Basically lots of the challenges are governance system which fails to convey liable decision making. Business performance depends on valuable governance. Firm supposed to produce new traditions for society, stakeholders and attracted parties to hold in the freedom of sustainable result. Ensuring the governance of partnerships is effectual there is require to create encouragement for good firm governance, to ensure firm governance systems grow the trust of central part stakeholders and to fabricate the knowledge and capability of partnerships and its stakeholders to administrate efficiently. New global governance Present economic conditions raise grave problem as to the sufficiency yet bearing of many set ideas of good corporate governance, particularly those originate from global best practice embedded broadly in Anglo-Saxon approaches that contain proved missing. There is a rising emotion that at the present is the right time to counterfeit a supportive approach to the calamity, and to construct a stronger, additional inclusive worldwide financial and economic governance design that will also deal with other overall challenges such as vigour and weather change, safety and violence, and deficiency and fitness issues. THE ROLE OF THE DIRECTORS Directors decided an indemnity from the company in value of responsibility acquired as a effect of its workplace. MS keeps suitable liability insurance to the benefit of directors. There is a separate house-hold task between the decision making responsibility and the board. an individual should not have open minded powers. All directors should allocate adequate time and responsibility. Senior Independent Director directly communicate between the Non-executive directors and the chairman. He is the chairs for the general meetings. He has given payable consideration. Directors records the minutes of the board. He should give a written statement on his resignation for giving circulation. The board of new directors should be have transparent procedures, accurate and formal. As under the Articles of Association of the company all directors looks for election at the first annual general meeting, re-election offered at every three years by the shareholders. All directors should accept training on amalgamation the board and also update their knowledge and skills. They can meet the chief shareholders. THE ROLE OF THE ACCOUNTANTS The primary role of the accountant is to grant transparency in exposure, monetary or else, to shareholders and the wider stakeholder assembly who have an awareness in the performance of the trade. The effort of accountants is evidently crucial to successful governance, in particular in next of kin to its conventional focus on economic performance and book-keeping integrity. To embark on this role accountants should ensure they are memorable with the broad management, risk management, functioning and reputational portion of the company to provide framework to the facts presented in the economic statements. In order to offer independent judgment on a companys financial statements, that is its annual report, accountants should have right to use to data on all company deeds which can be fabric to its monetary position. Accountants running in a business are concerned in quite a few of the governance system, which may comprise nominations committees for the board, payment committees and risk and observance committees as well as the inspection committee. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 describe the audit committee as a committee established by and amongst the board of directors of an issuer for the purpose of overseeing the accounting and financial reporting processes of the issuer and audits of the financial statements of the issuer. Audit committee members are looked with increased prospects from many collections, including shareholders, governing activities of shareholder, supervisory body, the media, and beneficiary board members. The other region where accountants employment in business presently supports good corporate governance is in de-coding instruction for the company and opinionated internal incorporation and loyalty. Accountants carry their dictatorial knowledge and industry standard experience to their clients to drive through best practice. Additionally they interpret the listing needs relevant to its business and lawful structure. Accountants carry a professional strictness in challenging transparency; in order to sustain professional reliability, accountants should follow principles and measures that will emphasize concerns. They should make certain their risk negotiations with organization are strong and industrious and assist the company and the board to prepare for alteration. Accountants are in the most excellent position to make available sovereign challenge to preparation they examine within a company. It is within their specialized conduct to have this task and disagreement practice which is not in the comfort of the long-term sustainability of the business and its stakeholders. Bring into line their detailed approach to set up financial statements with wider governance reviews permits accountants to endow with a full observation on a companys annual and long term performance. Eventually this will afford the company, their stakeholders and people with a truer and additional strong reflection of the dealing performance and its potential impact on wider social, environmental and ethical concerns. MS assured that its prevailing corporate goal is to maximise the long-term shareholder value all the way through sustain by reliable, money-making growth and as well go beyond the outlook of its stakeholders from side to side value creation. They reaffirmed pledge by building a number of superior management alteration take in new persons with the true bring together of skill and knowledge to pick up commodities and services and follow new chance for enlargement. The groups report appears to assemble a balance between the requirements of shareholders and stakeholders in the company. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STAKEHOLDER COMMITMENT Organisations preserve no longer wish if they wish for engage by way of stakeholders or not, the simply choice they want to obtain is at what time and how fruitfully to take on. Stakeholder commitment is premised on the view that those groups who can affect or are precious by the attainment of an organisations scope  [3]   should given in the chance to remark and input keen on the development of assessment that influence them. In todays the public, whether they are not aggressively wanted out, sooner or later they may claim to be confer with. Situations arise when organisations do not actively engage but are forced to do so by the demands of society as a result of a emergency situation. In retort, organisations occupy crisis-management performance, and are frequently required into a cynical talk with stakeholders, chief to a important and long-lasting failure of reputation. This kind of dealings is often opposed and injurious of belief. significant meeting occurs as soon as organisations, awake of the alteration in the broad society and how they relay to organisational presentation, wish to establish affairs with stakeholders as a way to deal with the force of those modify, such as persons shaped as a outcome of global monetary decline. Organisations can either look for to moderate risk in the course of the use of stakeholder supervision, or develop these new trends to categorize and ascertain new occasion from side to side the use of consequential stakeholder commitment; the end is characterised through a motivation to b e release to alteration. As in the company of some other selling process, the practice for meeting should be regular, logical and realistic. This practice is

The Four Key Steps In Hiring And Keeping Top People :: essays research papers

The Four Key Steps In Hiring And Keeping Top People â€Å"When you hire the best, the rest is easy!† We have heard this phrase many times, but how do we put this concept into action? We know that hiring the best people is vital to the success of your business, especially for fast growing businesses. And certainly, your customers have high service expectations. So†¦how do you hire and keep top people? Let’s start from the beginning. The job description: Often overlooked, the job description sets the tone for success when hiring new people. Start by making certain your job descriptions are accurate, up-to-date and reflect your expectations. This is an important step, as it ensures consistency in your hiring practices and says your company is well run. Tip From The Coach: During the initial interview, be certain to present the job description, so the applicant will have a clear picture of your expectations if your company does hire them. This also helps to generate a more comprehensive conversation regarding the position being offered. The interview game plan: Prepare a detailed interview game plan, to be used by each person doing the interviewing for your company. This game plan must include: how to evaluate a resume, sample questions to be asked during the interview process, a detailed presentation of compensation, how to do reference checks, and any final hiring details (i.e. company benefits, policy and procedures, etc.†¦). Tip From The Coach: In addition to the in-person interview, consider the use of written tests and/or assessments to aid in your hiring process. This is key to hiring top people and will help to establish performance standards when hiring new employees. Fast-track training: Develop a detailed training checklist for all newly hired employees. This should include: an orientation for the first day, a plan for the first week, an outline for the first month, and a recap of the first 90 days that includes expectations for their performance. Tip From The Coach: By building a thorough and consistent training program, you will quickly develop top performers for your company, a â€Å"win-win† for all. Grow and groom: To hire and keep top people, you must provide a career path to help your best people grow and to be groomed for additional responsibility. This starts in the hiring process, so consider if the person you are hiring has the skills for the current position and might also have the skills for a next level promotion.

2.1 Describe with Examples the Kinds of Influences That Affect Children and Young People’s Development Including : Background, Health, Environment

Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s development. Background; There are many factors that can influence a child and young person’s development, particularly in relation to their background. The formative years can be termed as crucial in regards to development and any major setback can create many problems for the future. Parents that are going through a marriage breakdown, divorce and separation can be stressful for all involved particularly the children/young person. They can become emotionally withdrawn and suffer a lack of confidence which can create low self esteem. Due to family upheaval, they may lose focus in their own abilities and suffer mentally. Similarly, children from single parent families may suffer from a lack of a male/female role model which can cause social stigma. Dual parents and lone parents may have to work long hours, leaving little room for direct social, emotional and intellectual support. Becoming part of a new step-family through a parent meeting a new partner can cause friction between children from each side. This could lead the child/young person to become socially and emotionally withdrawn which could increase the risk of bullying by peers. Having numerous siblings can have an impact on children causing additional needs to be met. Children may feel frustrated with lack of attention within the home and also may be required to assist with siblings needs which could cause social and emotional problems. Additionally, becoming a brother/sister to a new sibling for the first time can be stressful and having to adapt to not being an only child can be difficult at first and can create an emotional strain on the child. Being part of a social care system through neglect, physical/emotional abuse and loss of parent can prove difficult for children and although this can largely be a positive experience for many, it can also lead to problems within all areas of development particularly in relation to social and emotional areas. Child and Young Person Development TDA 2. 1/2. 1 Background continued†¦; Having a sick parent/carer can be extremely challenging for children, their social and emotional wellbeing can be affected with having to endure possible social stigma and suffer emotionally if not supported in the correct manner. Time off from school may cause intellectual issues and additional help may be required. Family bereavement can be extremely traumatic for children even when a child/young person has been prepared. This can create emotional strain and unexpected outbursts of emotion should be expected. Socially, children may feel different from their peers who haven’t experienced bereavement. They may suffer intellectually due to missing school days and also concentration and behaviour may be affected when they are in school. Moving house and/or area can be difficult for children as they have to adjust to a whole new social situation with changing schools and adapting to new routines. Children may become socially introverted and display high levels of emotion. Cultural differences can affect a child/young person through English being spoken as a second language which can cause a lack of confidence at school and additional intellectual support being required. Child and Young Person Development /TDA 2. 1/2. 1 Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s development. Health; There can be many health aspects that affect a child/young person’s development. Children become extremely resilient and are often able to manage their conditions very well; however, certain aspects of their development can prove challenging throughout periods of ill health. Children may suffer from conditions such as asthma, which if not well controlled, can cause children to have extended periods of time off from school. This in turn leads to intellectual development being compromised as well as social development due to relationships not being maintained. Disability in children, whether it be physical or intellectual can be particularly difficult. A child that has a hearing impairment may suffer physically through loss of balance or socially through having to communicate in alternative ways such as sign language/makaton. A physical disability such as Cerebral Palsy can be physically challenging due to being restricted in taking part in certain activities. This can affect social situations due to these restrictions and can affect a child/young person emotionally questioning why they are different causing low self-esteem. Being diagnosed with a serious illness such as cancer as a child/young person can also prove to lead to developmental issues. All areas of development can be compromised, intellectually, through missing school and being too ill to complete set work. They may suffer physically depending on the specific illness causing them to be weak and/or in too much pain and discomfort to complete physical activities. Socially they may be too ill to interact with others and/or maintain friendships. They may also become emotionally withdrawn and find it difficult to cope with their emotions. Child and Young Person Development /TDA 2. 1/2. 1 Health continued†¦. ; Allergies affect many children, particularly food allergies; this in turn can lead to social problems as they may become excluded from certain situations where their allergies are not known. In contrast they may feel a certain social stigma as their allergies are highlighted, for example; when eating lunch at school, they may be required to wear a special badge which shows their allergies, causing them to feel different from their peers. They have to be more physically aware of their condition and how this can cause changes in their body and manage this accordingly. /TDA 2. 1/2. 1 Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect children and young people’s development. Environment; Environmental factors can play a huge part in affecting a child/young person’s development. These can vary from cultural factors to living conditions. Children/young people from less advantaged backgrounds who live in poverty can have their development seriously compromised. They are less likely to have educational support from parents/carers which in turn creates intellectual problems for the child/young person. This is further influenced by having a lack of learning resources available such as access to computers and books. They may become disillusioned with education from an early age which sets them on a path of social and emotional turmoil. Also, they may suffer socially by not being able to participate in certain paid activities offered through school and outside school which means they interact less in physical activities. They may also feel that they cannot compete with their peers with regards to fashion trends and owning the latest technology. They might not seem to be as physically strong as their peers; parents/carers might experience difficulty in providing healthy, regular meals which can cause problems with their physical well-being. Their emotions can seem quite immature at times and they may well become emotionally withdrawn but also prone to emotional outbursts associated with behavioural difficulties, displaying a lack of attention. Child and Young Person Development /TDA 2. 1/2. 1

Biography of Mary McLeod Bethune, Civil Rights Activist

Biography of Mary McLeod Bethune, Civil Rights Activist Mary McLeod Bethune (born  Mary Jane McLeod; July 10, 1875–May 18, 1955) was a trailblazing African-American educator and civil rights leader. Bethune, who strongly believed that education was the key to equal rights, founded the groundbreaking Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute (now known as the Bethune-Cookman College) in 1904. She also opened a hospital, served as CEO of a company, advised four U.S. presidents, and was chosen to attend the founding convention of the United Nations. Fast Facts: Mary McLeod Bethune Known For: Bethune was an educator and activist who fought to improve the lives of African-Americans.Also Known As: Mary Jane McLeodBorn: July 10, 1875 in Mayesville, South CarolinaParents: Sam and Patsy McLeodDied: May 18, 1955 in Daytona Beach, FloridaSpouse: Albertus Bethune (m. 1898–1918)Children: Albert Early Life Mary Jane McLeod was born on July 10, 1875, in rural Mayesville, South Carolina. Unlike her parents, Samuel and Patsy McLeod, Mary, who was the 15th of 17 children, was born free. For many years after the end of slavery, Marys family continued to work as sharecroppers on the plantation of former master William McLeod until they could afford to build a farm. Eventually, the family had enough money to erect a log cabin on a small plot of farmland they called Homestead. Despite their freedom, Patsy still did laundry for her former owner and Mary often accompanied her mother to deliver the wash. Mary loved going because she was allowed to play with the toys of the owners grandchildren. On one particular visit, Mary picked up a book- only to have it ripped from her hands by a white child, who screamed that Mary wasnt supposed to read. Later in life, Mary said that this experience had inspired her to learn to read and write. Early Education At a young age, Mary was working up to 10 hours a day, often in the fields picking cotton. When she was 7, a black Presbyterian missionary named Emma Wilson visited Homestead. She asked Samuel and Patsy if their children could attend the school she was establishing. The parents could afford to send only one child, and Mary was chosen to become the first member of her family to attend school. This opportunity would change Mary’s life. Eager to learn, Mary walked 10 miles a day to attend the one-room Trinity Mission School. If there was time after chores, Mary taught her family whatever she had learned that day. Mary studied at the mission school for four years and graduated at the age of 11. With her studies completed and no means to further her education, Mary returned to her familys farm to work in the cotton fields. A Golden Opportunity Still working a year after graduation, Mary fretted about missing additional educational opportunities- a dream that now seemed hopeless. Ever since the McLeod familys only mule had died, forcing Marys father to mortgage Homestead to buy another mule, money in the McLeod household had been even scarcer than before. Luckily for Mary, a Quaker teacher in Denver, Colorado, named Mary Chrisman had read about the blacks-only Mayesville school. As a sponsor of the Northern Presbyterian Churchs project to educate former slave children, Chrisman offered to pay tuition for one student to receive a higher education- and Mary was chosen. In 1888, 13-year-old Mary traveled to Concord, North Carolina, to attend the Scotia Seminary for Negro Girls. When she arrived at Scotia, Mary stepped into a world very different from her Southern upbringing, with white teachers sitting, talking, and eating with black teachers. At Scotia, Mary learned that through cooperation, whites and blacks could live in harmony. Studies Study of the Bible, American history, literature, Greek, and Latin filled Marys days. In 1890, the 15-year-old completed the Normal and Scientific Course, which certified her to teach. However, the course was the equivalent of todays associates degree, and Mary wanted more education. She continued her studies at the Scotia Seminary. Lacking money to travel home during summer vacations, the principal of Scotia found her jobs as a domestic with white families for which she earned a little money to send back to her parents. Mary graduated from Scotia Seminary in July 1894, but her parents, unable to get enough money together for a trip, did not attend the graduation. Shortly after graduation, Mary boarded a train in July 1894 with a scholarship to the Moody Bible Institute in Chicago, Illinois, again thanks to Mary Chrisman. Mary took courses that would help her qualify for missionary work in Africa. She also worked in Chicagos slums, feeding the hungry, assisting the homeless, and visiting prisons. Mary graduated from Moody in 1895 and immediately went to New York to meet with the Presbyterian Churchs mission board. The 19-year-old was devastated when she was told â€Å"coloreds† could not qualify as African missionaries. Becoming a Teacher With no options, Mary went home to Mayesville and worked as an assistant to her old teacher, Emma Wilson. In 1896, Mary moved to Augusta, Georgia, for an eighth-grade teaching job at the Haines Normal and Industrial Institute. The school was located in an impoverished area, and Mary came to realize that her missionary work was most needed in America, not Africa. She began to seriously consider founding her own school. In 1898, the Presbyterian board sent Mary to Sumter, Carolinas Kindell Institute. A gifted singer, Mary joined the choir of the local Presbyterian church and met teacher Albertus Bethune at a rehearsal. The two started courting and in May 1898, 23-year-old Mary married Albertus and moved to Savannah, Georgia. Mary and her husband found teaching positions, but she stopped teaching when she became pregnant, and he began selling menswear. Mary gave birth to son Albertus McLeod Bethune, Jr. in February 1899. Later that year, a Presbyterian minister convinced Mary to accept a mission-school teaching position in Palatka, Florida. The family lived there  for five years, and Mary began selling insurance policies for Afro-American Life. (In 1923, Mary founded Tampas Central Life Insurance, becoming the companys CEO in 1952.) Plans were announced in 1904 to build a railroad in northern Florida. Aside from the project creating jobs, Mary saw an opportunity to open a school for migrant families- envisioning funds coming from the wealthy of Daytona Beach. Mary and her family headed to Daytona and rented a run-down cottage for $11 a month. But the Bethunes had arrived in a city where blacks were lynched every week. Their new home was in the poorest neighborhood, but it was here that Mary wanted to establish her school for black girls. Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute On October 4, 1904, 29-year-old Mary McLeod Bethune opened the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute with only $1.50 and five 8- to 12-year-old girls, and her son. Each child paid 50 cents a week for a uniform and to receive rigorous training in religion, business, academics, and industrial skills. Bethune often lectured to raise funds for her school and recruit students, emphasizing education to achieve self-sufficiency. But Jim Crow was law and the KKK was again raging. Lynching was common. Bethune received a visit from the Klan over the formation of her school. Tall and hefty, Bethune stood resolutely in the doorway, and the Klan left without causing harm. Many black women were impressed once they heard Bethune speak about the importance of education; they too wanted to learn. To teach adults, Bethune provided evening classes, and by 1906, Bethunes school boasted a 250-student enrollment. She bought the adjacent building to accommodate expansion. However, Mary McLeod Bethunes husband Albertus never shared her vision for the school. The two could not reconcile on this point, and Albertus left the family in 1907 to return to South Carolina, where he died in 1919 of tuberculosis. School Growth Bethunes goal was to create a top-rated school where students would acquire the requisite needed to succeed in life. She provided agricultural training so that students would learn how to grow and sell their own food. Accepting everyone who wanted education caused major overcrowding; however, Bethune was determined to keep her school afloat. She purchased more property from a dumpsites owner for $250, paying $5 a month. Students hauled junk away from the place they named Hells Hole. Bethune also swallowed her pride and decided to solicit aid from rich whites. Her tenacity paid off when James Gamble (of Proctor and Gamble) paid to build a brick schoolhouse. In October 1907, Mary moved her school to the four-story building she named Faith Hall. People were often moved to give due to Bethunes powerful speaking and passion for black education. For example, the owner of White Sewing Machines made a large donation to build a new hall and included Bethune in his will. In 1909, Bethune went to New York and was introduced to Rockefeller, Vanderbilt, and Guggenheim. Rockefeller created a scholarship program for Mary through his foundation. Angry at the absence of healthcare for blacks in Daytona, Bethune built her own 20-bed hospital on campus. The consummate fundraiser hosted a bazaar, raising $5,000. Famed industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie donated. With this support, Bethune focused on acquiring accreditation as a college. Her proposal was rejected by the all-white board, who believed an elementary education was sufficient for blacks. Bethune again sought the help of powerful allies, and in 1913 the board approved junior-college accreditation. Merger Bethune maintained her Head, Hands, and Heart teaching philosophy and the overcrowded school kept growing. To expand, the 45-year-old Bethune hopped on her bike, going door-to-door soliciting contributions and selling sweet potato pies. However, the 20-acre campus still struggled financially, and in 1923 Bethune decided to merge the school with the Cookman Institute for Men in Jacksonville, Florida, which doubled student enrollment to 600. The school became the Bethune-Cookman College in 1929, and Bethune served until 1942 as the first black female college president. Women’s Rights Bethune believed that raising the status of African-American women was key to elevating the race; thus, beginning in 1917, she formed clubs championing the causes of black women. The Florida Federation of Colored Women and the Southeastern Federal of Colored Women addressed important topics of the era. A constitutional amendment granted black women voting rights in 1920, and an overjoyed Bethune got busy organizing a voter registration drive. This roused the ire of Klansmen, who threatened her with violence. Bethune urged calmness and courage, leading the women in exercising their hard-won privilege. In 1924, Bethune defeated Ida B. Wells, with whom she had a contentious relationship over teaching methods, to become president of the 10,000-strong National Association of Colored Women (NACW). Bethune traveled often, singing and speaking to raise money, not only for her college but also to move the NACW’s headquarters to Washington, D.C. In 1935, Bethune founded the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). The organization sought to address discrimination, thereby improving every facet of African-American life. Advisor to Presidents Bethune’s successes did not go unnoticed. After she returned to her school in October 1927 from a European vacation, she attended a brunch at the home of New York governor Franklin Delano Roosevelt. This began a lifelong friendship between Bethune and the governors wife Eleanor. A year later, it was U.S. President Calvin Coolidge who wanted Bethune’s advice. Later, Herbert Hoover sought Bethunes thoughts on racial affairs and appointed her to various committees. In October 1929, Americas stock market crashed, and black men were the first to be fired. Black women became primary breadwinners, working in jobs of servitude. The Great Depression increased racial hostility, but Bethune ignored established mores by frequently speaking out. Her outspokenness caused journalist Ida Tarbell to deem her one of Americas most influential women in 1930. When Franklin Roosevelt became president, he created several programs for blacks and appointed Bethune as his advisor of minority affairs. In June 1936, Bethune became the first black woman to head a federal office as director of the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Association (NYA). In 1942, Bethune assisted the war secretary during World War II in creating the Womens Army Corps (WAC), lobbying for black women military officers. From 1935 to 1944, Bethune advocated passionately for African-Americans to receive equal consideration under the New Deal. Bethune also assembled a black think tank for weekly strategy meetings at her home. On October 24, 1945, President Harry Truman chose Bethune to attend the United Nations founding convention. Bethune was the only black female delegate, and the event was the highlight of her life. Death Failing health forced Bethune into retirement from government service. She went home, maintaining only certain club affiliations, and wrote books and articles. Knowing death was near, Mary penned My Last Will and Testament, in which she summed up her lifes achievements. The will read, I leave you love. I leave you hope. I leave you a thirst for education. I leave you racial dignity, a desire to live harmoniously- and a responsibility to our young people. On May 18, 1955, 79-year-old Mary McLeod Bethune died of a heart attack and was buried on the grounds of her beloved school. A simple marker reads, Mother. Legacy Against all odds, Bethune greatly improved the lives of African-Americans through education, political involvement, and economic enablement. In 1974, a sculpture of Bethune teaching children was erected in Washington D.C.s Lincoln Park, making her the first African-American to receive such an honor. The United States Postal Service issued a stamp commemorating Bethune in 1985. Today, her legacy lives on through the college that bears her name. Sources Bethune, Mary McLeod, et al.  Mary McLeod Bethune: Building a Better World: Essays and Selected Documents. Indiana University Press, 2001.Kelley, Samuel L.  Faith, Hope and Charity: Mary McLeod Bethune. Xlibris Corporation, 2014.

Corrections and Treatment Essay Example

Corrections and Treatment Essay Example Corrections and Treatment Paper Corrections and Treatment Paper There is a wide choice of correctional treatments available for juveniles, which can be subdivided into two major categories, which are community treatment and institutional treatment. Community treatment refers to efforts to provide care, protection, and treatment for juveniles in need. Institutional treatment facilities are correctional centers operated by federal, state, and county governments. These facilities restrict the movement of residents through staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence control. Community corrections have traditionally emphasized offender rehabilitation. Community treatment includes probation, intensive supervision, house arrest, and balanced probation. Probation includes regular supervision by a probation officer. The juvenile must adhere to conditions such as attend school or work and stay out of trouble. Intensive supervision involves treating offenders who would normally have been sent to a secure treatment facility as part of a very small probation caseload that receives almost daily scrutiny. The juvenile must adhere to the same conditions as those placed on regular probation. House arrest, which is often coupled with electronic monitoring, allows offenders sentenced to probation to remain in the community on condition that they stay at home during specific periods. Offenders may be monitored through random phone calls, visits, or electronic devices. Balanced probation systems integrate community protection, the accountability of the juvenile offender, and individualized attention to the offender. These programs are based on the view that juveniles are responsible for their actions and have an obligation to society whenever they commit an offense. Under balanced probation restrictions are tailored to the risk the juvenile offender presents to the community. The purpose of these treatment efforts is to provide rehabilitation to juvenile offenders and ensure public safety, all at the same time. These programs are important because not all juvenile offenders need to be placed into institutions for rehabilitation, some can be effectively rehabilitated outside of institutions, and become productive members of society (Wadsworth, 2005). Correctional institutions operated by federal, state, and county governments are generally classified as secure or open facilities. Secure facilities restrict the movement of residents through staff monitoring, locked exits, and interior fence controls. Open institutions generally do not restrict the movement of the residents and allow much greater freedom of access to the facility. Males make up the great bulk on institutionalized youth. They are more likely to form allegiances with members of their own racial group and attempt to exploit those outside the group. They also scheme to manipulate staff and take advantage of weaker peers. The juvenile justice system should be concerned with this issue because this is primarily how gangs are developed, and could become a serious issue within juvenile facilities. The growing involvement of girls in criminal behavior and the influence of feminist movement have drawn more attention to the female juvenile offender. Institutions for girls are generally more restrictive than those for boys, and they have fewer educational and vocational programs and fewer services. The juvenile justice system should also be concerned with this issue because it is a double standard. Most female delinquents are in for status offenses, compared to male delinquents who are in for violent crimes, but yet the males have fewer restrictions than the females. It is also unfair to the female inmates to not be able to receive that same educational and vocational training. Female delinquents need to be rehabilitated just as well as the males (Wadsworth, 2005). Aftercare in the juvenile justice system is the equivalent of parole in the adult criminal justice system. When juveniles are released from an institution, they may be placed in an aftercare program of some kind, so that those who have been institutionalized are not simply returned to the community without some transitional assistance. The Intensive Aftercare Program model developed by David Altshuler and Troy Armstrong offers a continuum of intervention for serious juvenile offenders returning to the community following placement. Colorado is one state who has implemented the IAP Model. In their program community based providers begin weekly services while the adolescents are still institutionalized, and continue during aftercare. Sixty days prior to release, IAP youth begin a series of step down measures, including supervised trips to the community, and thirty days before release, there are overnight or weekend home passes. Upon release to parole, most program youths go through several months of day treatment that, in addition to services, provides a high level of structure during the day. Trackers provide evening and weekend monitoring during this period of reentry. The planned frequency of contact is once a week during the first few months of supervision, with gradual reductions to once a month in later stages of supervision. Virginia has also implemented the IAP Model. Virginia’s central feature is the use of group home placements as a bridge between the institution and the community. Immediately after release from the institution, youths enter one of two group homes for a thirty to sixty day period. Virginia uses a formal step down system to ease the intensity of parole supervision gradually. In the two months following the youth’s release from the group home, staff is required to contact them five to seven times per week. This is reduced to three to five times per week during the next two months, and again to three times per week during the final thirty days. Aftercare programs are important for several reasons. First, they prepare youth for progressively increased responsibility and freedom in the community. Second, they facilitate youth-community interaction and involvement. Finally, they work with both the offender and targeted community support systems on qualities needed for constructive interaction and the youths’ successful community adjustment (Wadsworth, 2005). There are several aspects of the juvenile justice system, and they are all important. The goals of these programs are to rehabilitate the youth, and I believe they can be effective. If implemented properly, combining institutionalization, community based treatment, and aftercare, a juvenile can become rehabilitated. However, one cannot be implemented without the other, because then the youth may not have a successful reentry into the community. Bibliography Wadsworth. (2005). Juvenile Corrections: Probation, Community Treatment, and Institutionalization. In Juvenile Delinquency: The Core (pp. 244-265). Thomson Learning Inc.